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Indonesia is fifth most cost competitive manufacturing hub in the world

Wira Agus • 09/07/2020

Bahasa follows English version

China retains top global spot for operating conditions and cost competitiveness 

 

In its annual ranking of the most suitable locations for global manufacturing among 48 countries in Europe, the Americas and Asia Pacific, Cushman & Wakefield has assessed that China remains the most attractive manufacturing hub globally from an operating conditions and cost competitiveness perspective. 

The annual Global Manufacturing Risk Index (MRI) scores each country against 20 variables that make up the three final weighted rankings which cover conditions, cost and risk. The data underpinning the MRI comes from a variety of reliable sources, including the World Bank, UNCTAD and Oxford Economics. 

Baseline Scenario
From a baseline scenario ranking that looks equally at operating conditions and cost competitiveness but does not consider impact from the current pandemic, China retains the top spot, followed by the United States in second. Diversification combined with a move up the value chain in order to focus on telecom, hi-tech (40% of robots produced globally are made in China), and computers have helped the Chinese manufacturing sector remain somewhat resilient to trade wars. 

 Baseline Rankings
 Country  2019   2020 
 China  1  1
 United States  2  2
 India  4  3
 Czech Republic  6  4
 Canada  5  5

 

 

 

 

 

 

“Both China and the U.S. offer a large consumer market, ample labor supply and incentives at both the federal/national and state level, as well as an established infrastructure network,” said Jason Tolliver, global head of newCommerce research at Cushman & Wakefield. “With the rapid adoption of technology into production processes, the U.S. and its higher-cost workforce could start to be better aligned to compete with China for manufacturing jobs.”

Cost Scenario
The MRI cost scenario places greater emphasis on cost reduction to give a higher score to countries where operating costs, including labor are lower. Indonesia retains its top fifth position from last year while China retains its lead position. Vietnam and India jumped to second and third positions respectively. 

 Cost Rankings
 Country  2019 2020 
 China  1  1
 Vietnam  4  2
 India  6  3
 Malaysia  3  4
 Indonesia  5  5

 

Wira Agus, Director, Industrial & Land Sales, Cushman & Wakefield Indonesia said “Indonesia’s ranking on cost competitiveness should improve with the government’s plan to re-distribute the manufacturing hubs to outside of Java. Ear-marked as Special Economic Zones, these provinces have been granted tax incentives to accelerate the diversification of manufacturing hubs into the provinces. The government has also plans to improve the logistics infrastructure by developing the “sea toll”.

Mr Agus added that “In addition to improving physical infrastructure, Indonesia has to raise the skills levels of the Indonesian labour force especially in provinces outside of Java to encourage more manufacturers to take the step to move out of Java.” 

“The manufacturing shift towards Southeast Asia has been a long time in the making. As minimum wages in China grew, more orders for labor intensive products, such as clothes, toys and shoes, shifted to less expensive locations in India, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Vietnam,” said Christine Li, Head of Research, Singapore and Southeast Asia. “However, despite government initiatives to attract manufacturers by Southeast Asian countries, China retains a clear infrastructure advantage with the ability to efficiently move goods via road, rail or sea transport.”

Risk Scenario
The MRI’s risk scenario favors countries presenting lower levels of economic and political risk, while considering rising geo-political risk. In this scenario, Canada and the United States ranked first and second in 2020, supported by their natural resources, ample labor pools, federal and state incentives, large consumer markets and infrastructure, especially in a less predictable and less secure global environment. Transparency, investments in infrastructure networks and the absence of geopolitical concerns contributed to higher ranking positions for both Singapore and Germany, third and fourth respectively.

 Risk Rankings
 Country  2019 2020 
 Canada  2  1
 United States  1  2
 Singapore  6  3
 Germany  7  4
 China  5  5

 

The 2020 MRI also includes analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on the global manufacturing sector and ranked countries by their projected ability to restart their manufacturing sectors once confinement measures are relaxed and business starts to return to normal. This “bounce-back-ability” ranking is based on six key variables and is weighted according to its estimated contribution to manufacturing sector recovery. Several countries in Asia Pacific including China, Thailand, South Korea, Australia and Japan are assessed to be in the top quartile in terms of a fast recovery. 

COVID-19 and the resultant disruption in economic activity across the world has re-ignited the debate about the benefits of re-shoring. However feasible and desirable, reshoring on a mass scale is not realistic and will not happen in the immediate term. Instead, to build resilience in the event of a second pandemic wave or second lockdown period, manufacturers are more likely to address the two most pressing vulnerabilities: materials and component sourcing and supply chain disruptions.

The most likely measures taken by manufacturers in reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic are:

  • Immediate- to short-term: Holding more product and component inventories. 
  • Medium-term: Diversifying component sourcing including an emphasis on localising or “nearshoring” components to be closer to plants while holding more inventories. 
  • Long-term: Reshoring for some sectors, locating plants and component sources closer to each other as well as supply chain and production line restructuring that would make just-in-time inventory management possible again

“The current pandemic leaves many unanswered questions as to what is in store for the global manufacturing sector,” said Tolliver. “We’re optimistic about its future, but it will ultimately depend on the industry’s components that are currently flourishing, as well as those countries and manufacturers that are still operable during the current onset of new challenges.” 

Visit Cushman & Wakefield’s global website to download the report. 

 

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Indonesia di Peringkat Kelima Pusat Manufaktur Paling Kompetitif di Dunia

 

Tiongkok bertahan di posisi teratas dalam bidang kondisi operasi dan daya saing biaya

Dalam pemeringkatan tahunan yang dilakukan Cushman & Wakefield terhadap 48 negara di Eropa, Amerika, dan Asia Pasifik mengenai lokasi yang paling sesuai untuk industri manufaktur global, Tiongkok bertahan sebagai pusat manufaktur paling menarik secara global dari segi kondisi operasi dan daya saing biaya. 


Peringkat tahunan Global Manufacturing Risk Index (MRI) menilai setiap negara terhadap 20 variabel penilaian yang dikelompokkan kepada tiga peringkat tertimbang yang mencakup kondisi, biaya, dan risiko.  Data yang digunakan dalam analisis ini berasal dari berbagai sumber terpercaya, termasuk Bank Dunia, UNCTAD, dan Oxford Economics.

Skenario Dasar

Dari peringkat skenario dasar yang menilai kondisi operasi dan daya saing biaya secara seimbang, tanpa mempertimbangkan dampak dari pandemi saat ini, Tiongkok bertahan di peringkat pertama, diikuti oleh Amerika Serikat di posisi kedua. Upaya diversifikasi, ditambah dengan peningkatan rantai nilai untuk berfokus pada telekomunikasi, teknologi mutakhir (40% robot yang diproduksi secara global dibuat di Tiongkok), dan komputer telah membantu sektor manufaktur Tiongkok untuk bertahan di tengah perang dagang.

Peringkat Dasar

Negara

2019

2020

Rep. Rakyat Tiongkok

1

1

Amerika Serikat

2

2

India

4

3

Rep. Ceko

6

4

Kanada

5

5

 

“Tiongkok dan Amerika Serikat menawarkan pasar konsumen yang luas, pasokan tenaga kerja yang banyak, dan insentif baik pada tingkat federal/nasional maupun tingkat daerah, juga jaringan infrastruktur yang mapan,” ucap Jason Tolliver, Kepala Riset newCommerce Global di Cushman & Wakefield. “Dengan cepatnya tingkat adopsi teknologi pada proses produksi, Amerika Serikat dan tenaga kerjanya yang berbiaya lebih tinggi dapat mulai menjadi lebih selaras untuk berkompetisi dengan Tiongkok dalam pekerjaan manufaktur.”

Skenario Biaya

Skenario biaya MRI menekankan pada pengurangan biaya untuk memberikan nilai lebih tinggi pada negara-negara yang memiliki biaya operasional, termasuk biaya tenaga kerja, lebih rendah. Indonesia bertahan pada posisi kelima sejak tahun lalu, sementara Tiongkok berada di posisi puncak. Vietnam naik ke posisi kedua, disusul oleh India pada posisi ketiga.

Peringkat Biaya

Negara

2019

2020

Rep. Rakyat Tiongkok

1

1

Vietnam

4

2

India

6

3

Malaysia

3

4

Indonesia

5

5

 

Wira Agus, Direktur, Industrial & Land Sales, Cushman & Wakefield Indonesia menuturkan, “Peringkat Indonesia pada daya saing biaya dapat meningkat seiring dengan rencana pemerintah untuk mendistribusikan kembali pusat-pusat manufaktur ke luar Pulau Jawa. Provinsi-provinsi ini dialokasikan sebagai Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus, dan telah diberikan insentif pajak untuk mempercepat diversifikasi pusat-pusat manufaktur pada beberapa provinsi tersebut. Pemerintah juga memiliki rencana untuk meningkatkan infrastruktur logistik dengan mengembangkan ‘tol laut’”.

Ia menambahkan, “Selain dari meningkatkan infrastruktur fisik, Indonesia perlu meningkatkan tingkat keterampilan kerja para tenaga kerja Indonesia, terutama di provinsi luar Pulau Jawa, untuk mendukung lebih banyak pabrik untuk melangkah keluar dari Pulau Jawa.”

“Perubahan tren industri manufaktur menuju Asia Tenggara telah berjalan cukup lama. Selagi upah kerja minimum di Tiongkok naik, lebih banyak pesanan untuk produk yang membutuhkan tenaga kerja intensif seperti pakaian, mainan, dan sepatu yang beralih ke lokasi yang lebih terjangkau seperti India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, dan Vietnam,” tutur Christine Li, Kepala Bagian Research, Singapura dan Asia Tenggara. “Walaupun begitu, kendati pemerintah berinisiatif untuk menarik pabrik-pabrik ke negara-negara Asia Tenggara, Tiongkok tetap memiliki kelebihan yang jelas dari segi infrastruktur dengan kemampuan mobilisasi barangnya yang efisien melalui transportasi darat, rel, maupun laut.”

Skenario Risiko

Skenario risiko MRI mendukung negara-negara dengan tingkat risiko ekonomi dan politik yang lebih rendah, dengan tetap mempertimbangkan risiko geo-politik yang meningkat. Dalam skenario ini, Kanada dan Amerika Serikat menduduki peringkat pertama dan kedua di 2020, didukung dengan sumber daya alamnya, tenaga kerja yang banyak, insentif federal dan daerah, pasar konsumen dan infrastruktur yang luas, terutama dalam lingkungan global yang semakin sulit diprediksi dan kurang aman. Transparansi, investasi di jaringan infrastruktur, dan tidak adanya permasalahan geopolitik berkontribusi pada peringkat yang lebih tinggi untuk Singapura maupun Jerman, yang menduduki peringkat ketiga dan keempat.

Peringkat Risiko

Negara

2019

2020

Kanada

2

1

Amerika Serikat

1

2

Singapura

6

3

Jerman

7

4

Rep. Rakyat Tiongkok

5

5

 

MRI 2020 turut memasukkan analisis dampak COVID-19 terhadap sektor manufaktur global. Peringkat pada negara juga didasarkan pada proyeksi kemampuan mereka untuk dapat mengembalikan industri manufakturnya setelah pembatasan aktivitas telah direlaksasikan dan bisnis dapat kembali berjalan normal. Peringkat “kemampuan pemulihan” ini didasarkan pada enam variabel utama dan dibobotkan sesuai dengan estimasi kontribusi kepada pemulihan sektor manufaktur. Beberapa negara di Asia Pasifik termasuk Tiongkok, Thailand, Korea Selatan, Australia, dan Jepang dinilai berada di posisi kuartil teratas perihal kecepatan pemulihan.

COVID-19 dan gangguan yang dihasilkannya pada aktivitas ekonomi di seluruh dunia telah memunculkan debat mengenai manfaat dari re-shoring (pengembalian proses produksi dan manufaktur produk ke negara asal perusahaan). Meskipun memungkinkan dan diinginkan, re-shoring berskala besar tidak realistis dan tidak akan terjadi dalam waktu dekat. Sebagai gantinya, membangun ketahanan untuk berjaga terhadap gelombang pandemi kedua atau periode karantina wilayah kedua dapat membantu produsen untuk mengetahui dua faktor yang paling rentan: pengadaan material dan komponen serta gangguan pada rantai pasokan. 

Upaya yang paling memungkinkan untuk dilakukan para produsen dalam menghadapi pandemi COVID-19 adalah:
 
  • Jangka pendek ke menengah: menjaga lebih banyak produk dan inventori komponen
  • Jangka menengah: diversifikasi pengadaan komponen termasuk penekanan pada lokalisasi atau “nearshoring” komponen untuk lebih dekat dengan pabriknya, selagi menjaga inventori yang lebih banyak
  • Jangka panjang: Re-shoring untuk beberapa sektor, meletakkan pabrik dan sumber komponen lebih dekat satu sama lainnya, serta restrukturisasi rantai pasokan dan lini produksi yang dapat membuat manajemen inventori yang tepat waktu kembali memungkinkan
“Pandemi ini menimbulkan banyak pertanyaan yang sulit dijawab mengenai masa depan industri manufaktur global,” ucap Tolliver. “Kami optimis mengenai masa depan, namun hal itu juga akan bergantung pada komponen industri yang sedang berjalan, serta negara dan produsen yang masih beroperasi di tengah tantangan yang baru timbul saat ini.”

Kunjungi laman global Cushman & Wakefield untuk mengunduh laporan ini.
 

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